governance in morocco

In 2019, Morocco ranked 61 out of 137 countries included in the annual GFP review. Royal family members claim direct descent from the Prophet Muhammad via his daughter Fatima, his son-in-law Ali Ibn Abu Talib, and their son Hassan. The Air Force relies on older French planes, mainly Mirage F1-C and F1-E acquired in the 1970s and 1980s and American F-5E Tiger. The acquired copyright protected images used on/as featured image of this page are: ©Hollandse Hoogte | ©Hollandse Hoogte | ©Fanack | ©Fanack | Fanack ©Fanack. Regions are administered by a Wali (governor), appointed by the King, and a regional council, elected by direct universal suffrage. Access to the Courts In the early days after Moroccan independence, the Soviet Union supplied a large amount of military equipment, most of which is no longer in service. Since coming to the throne, King Mohammed VI has emphasized that the rule of law is a fundamental underpinning of his concept of a constitutional monarchy. The corps of judges is also unrepresentative of Moroccan society. He notes an excessive focus on laws and institutional procedures that do not translate into the necessary transformation in the status of governance and the nature of the Moroccan political regime. In February 2010, a royal directive outlined a plan to modernize and professionalize the National Security by improving the quality of recruits and reducing corruption, with increased investigation, prosecution, and training – including a human-rights component – for security personnel. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are officially appointed by the King, but the government’s programme must be approved by a majority vote of the Chamber of Deputies after a debate in both parliamentary chambers. By bringing together a multitude of OECD instruments and expertise in different areas of public governance, the … In 1913, a decree (dahir) took all but civil cases out of the hands of the qadis (religiously educated judges), and reorganized the administration of justice in both jurisdictions along French lines. The bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Representatives (395 members), elected for five years by direct universal suffrage, and the House of Councillors (with a maximum of 120 members), elected for six years by a complicated system of indirect elections by local councils, professional organizations, and labour unions. As a result, Morocco is currently experiencing a difficult political situation, characterized by a general m... Stay up to date with the weekly newsletter! In August 2015, Morocco signed a deal with Russia to purchase its first submarine, an Amur-1650, worth $340 million. The national civilian police force is the National Security (Sûreté Nationale), which is an armed force of about 60,000, under the Ministry of the Interior. The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project reports aggregate and individual governance indicators for over 200 countries and territories over the period 1996–2018, for six dimensions of governance:Voice and AccountabilityPolitical Stability and Absence of ViolenceGovernment EffectivenessRegulatory QualityRule of LawControl of Corruption The Worldwide Governance … Communal and district courts hear personal-estate actions against residents of their jurisdiction, again, under a certain sum. Mounting Tensions Between Morocco’s Main Political Parties. Similarly, although defendants are presumed innocent and have a legal right to a fair public trial with right of appeal, this is not always the case in practice, especially in political cases involving those protesting the incorporation of the Western Sahara. Within the framework of the Morocco Country Programme and the implementation of the "Advanced Regionalisation Process", the MENA-OECD Governance Programme has contributed to improving the quality of local-level policies and strengthening citizens' trust in governance.Strategic assistance was provided to achieve three … Foreigners and their local agents were exempted from both Moroccan law and taxation, by the system of capitulations and placed under the jurisdiction of their national consuls, which allowed them to do business unfettered and behave badly. According to the Constitution, Parliament exercises legislative power and can validate the authority of the government. The Monarchy He could not resist European pressure and agreed to accept a protectorate, although the French authorities removed him as sultan. The Open Government Review of Morocco is the first of its kind analysing a country’s open government policies and practices and their institutional and legal frameworks for implementation against OECD instruments. Ensuring governance reform in Morocco … In the end, the sultan, after changing his title to ‘King’ in 1956, won the post-independence struggle for power. French code-law came to predominate in most of the legal system. According to Article 6 of the 2011 Constitution, the law ‘is the supreme expression of the will of the Nation’. According to the World Bank, the value of the weapons Morocco imported in 2016 was about $26 million. The party has been led by Ilyas el-Omari since January 2016. … The Constitutional Court has the task of ensuring that laws passed by Parliament are in conformity with the Constitution. Four months after the parliamentary elections of 7 October 2016, Abdelilah Benkirane, leader of the winning Islamist Justice and Development Party (PJD), was unable to form the coalition government required by law. The Executive It also appoints the administrative heads of government departments, the presidents of universities, and the heads of other institutions of higher education. Most significantly, under this new model the Saharan provinces would be brought together into two regions rather than shared between three provinces that also included parts of pre-1975 Morocco. Such a research faces methodological and practical impediments stemming from the paucity of information on funding and other governance … Authenticity and Modernity Party Legal System Yet despite its relatively progressive orientation, the new Constitution maintains the monarch as the most important political actor, with his formal rights and legitimacy unchanged. Increasing European hegemony led religiously inspired nationalists to overthrow him and replace him with one of his brothers, Abdelhafid. The reason is that formation of a coalition is much more difficult than expected . The Government of Morocco has been criticized for a lack of effective resource governance, which has been mainly linked to an incomplete regulatory framework and insufficient disclosure policies (NRGI). The basic level includes first-instance courts, trade courts, and communal and district courts. Transparency and open budget, the true stakes in Morocco’s governance reform; BLOG. The constitutional reforms undertaken by Morocco since the 2011 protests have modified legislative and institutional procedures, yet their real impact on governance needs to be assessed. An overview of human rights in Morocco. That year, the number of people who reached military age was estimated at 604,533 personnel, while military expenditure was estimated at $3.4 billion. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, the reigning sultan, Abdelaziz, exhausted his money and power. Because the decree legalizing unions did not explicitly forbid Moroccan workers from joining, the unions began to recruit Moroccans, until the Protectorate administration issued another decree forbidding it. Readers are advised to seek … Most of the population cannot afford legal services, as the average lawyer’s fee is equivalent to two to four weeks of the minimum wage. Since the early 2000s a much closer relationship with the United States, part of the so-called ‘War on Terror’, has made possible a modernization programme, particularly of the Air Force, with an order for 24 F-16 fighter aircraft, some of which have been delivered. PDF | Land in Morocco constitutes a basic resource seen as the most profitable and assured investment for many investors. Other problems are the quality of legal personnel and difficulties of gaining access to the courts. The report on service delivery in Morocco, prepared by SIGMA, was presented during the event. Morocco News reads latest regional, national and local headlines in English, France and Arabic. Each of Morocco’s first five constitutions since independence began the same way: ‘Morocco is a constitutional democratic and social monarchy.’ The sixth Constitution in 2011 added the word ‘parliamentary’: ‘Le Maroc est une monarchie constitutionnelle, démocratique, parlementaire et sociale.’ The monarchy is very old: the current dynasty dates back to the mid-17th century and is the oldest surviving ruling family in the Arab countries. Most equipment has recently come from the United States; before that, the main supplier was France. This would permit the operation of a local autonomy plan for the Western Sahara: the two Saharan provinces would be empowered to use local resources to develop the infrastructure and improve the economic conditions. As UN Climate Change Conference in Marrakech Approaches, What is the State of Morocco’s National Security? Religious personal-status law was maintained as the responsibility of Sharia courts for Muslims and rabbinical courts for Jews. Governance Structure Conformément à la circulaire du Premier Ministre n°17/2009 du 21 Octobre 2009, le programme e-gouvernement a été doté d'une gouvernance reposant sur trois structures : Le Comité Interministériel e-gouvernement par abréviation CIGOV, présidé par le Ministre en charge de l’Industrie, du Commerce … There are also specialized tribunals: a commercial court system that hears commercial cases involving large sums, with its own system of appeals; administrative courts that deal with initial cases involving the public authorities; independent audit courts that operate at the central and regional levels; and a separate Standing Tribunal of the Royal Armed Forces. If the committee cannot agree, the House of Representatives has the last word. Islamic law too is codified, in the Mudawana. The October session is opened by the King. Trade courts deal with commercial and business disputes with a value under a specific amount. This has been used as the basis for a strong campaign to make Morocco the first Arab country formally to abolish the death penalty. In March 2017, the king appointed Saad Eddine el-Othmani, who is a member of PJD, to form the government. Istiqlal was initially a grand coalition, but Ouezzani broke away to found the Democratic Independence Party (Parti Democratique et de l’Independence; PDI) in 1946, the same year that Ali Yata became the first Moroccan to lead the Communist Party of Morocco (Parti Communiste du Maroc, PC). The country’s forces have gained valuable experience as a result of political instability in North Africa, in particular the disputed territory of Western Sahara to the south, as well as more limited experience as part of the Saudi-led coalition fighting in Yemen. As all the constitutions make clear, the head of state is the King (or Sultan, in 1908) who is ‘Commander of the Faithful’ (amir al-muminin). It covers steps taken by central government and local authorities, research centres… He was appointed in November 2011, after elections, and heads a coalition including the centre-right nationalist Istiqlal, the liberal Popular Movement (Mouvement Populaire, MP), which has Berber roots, and the left-wing Party of Progress and Socialism (Parti du Progrès et du Socialisme, PPS; formerly the Parti Communiste du Maroc). There are three levels of jurisdiction. Elected regional councils would control the local budget, supported by an Interregional Solidarity Fund. Interview with a Public Sector expert, Fabian Seiderer, on Governance in Morocco. The Commission proposed there be only twelve regions, covering larger areas and greater populations and with much greater autonomy. A taoutiq judge (who handles notary issues and issues concerning minors), assisted by aduls (religiously-trained clerks), applies the personal law in the first-instance court. Public Opinion Comments are welcome: please provide comments to cignag@ebrd.com 2 This Report does not constitute legal advice. The other historic leader of the MP, Abdelkarim al-Khatib, founded the Popular Democratic and Constitutional Movement (Mouvement Populaire Constitutionel Démocratique, MPCD; 1967), which adopted an Islamist tone. On 19 June 2019, SIGMA organised in Rabat, Morocco – together with the Ministry of Administration Reform and Civil Service of Morocco – a joint OECD-EU high-level conference on public governance. The Military Overview of governance in Morocco: the monarchy, the executive, the legislative, the legal system, local government, military and police. Article 20 of the new constitution in 2012 states, ‘Right to life is the first right for every human being. The military forces’ extensive combat experience in the Western Sahara has given them operational expertise in desert warfare and combined air-land warfare. They also hear criminal cases involving petty offences. In this new paper, Mohamed Benhlal analyzes Morocco’s recent constitutional amendments, which seemed, on paper, to make significance progress towards good governance. However, as the US State Department ‘Country Reports on Human Rights Practices‘ on Morocco for 2011 points out, courts often do not act independently in practice and are subject to corruption and extra-judicial influence. Only one-quarter of judicial trainees are women, and 90 percent are from the cities, although only 55 percent of the population is urban. Buy +/-/ 1000. Moreover, autonomous regions elsewhere in the world have functioned smoothly only on the basis of the rule of law and respect for human rights, which might conflict with the vast prerogatives of the King under the current system. Beneath the highest level, consisting of the regions, are the provinces, which are subdivided into communes. He also spent time training in the office of Jacques Delors, when Delors was President of the European Commission. But Mohammed VI, who came to the throne when he was quite young – he was born in 1963 – has modernizing and technocratic credentials. Sultan Mohammed V was obliged to sign the Dahir, but it brought a storm of protest from Arab nationalists, who saw it as an attack on Islam, by degrading the Sharia. In this new paper, Mohamed Benhlal analyzes Morocco’s recent constitutional amendments, which seemed, on paper, to make significance progress towards good governance… A new wave of parties emerged, many of them offshoots of second-generation parties. This was a common model for early opponents of European imperialism in Africa and Asia. There was a great rivalry between the two. Mohammed V’s son, Hassan II, who ruled from 1961 until 1999, maintained the facade of a constitutional monarchy, but he was the master of his realm. Not only do the elections constitute an evaluation of the success or failure of the constitutional reforms that Morocco adopted in 2011, but also a litmus test for ... What is the state of security today in Morocco? They included the National Rally of Independents (Rassemblement National des Indépendants, RNI; 1978), which backed away later from uncritical support of the King; the National Democratic Party (Parti National Démocratique PND; 1981), a centre-right party that split from the RNI; the Constitutional Union (Union Constitutionelle, UC; 1983), a centre-right party claiming to represent the post-independence generation; the Action Party (Parti de l’Action, PA; 1974), a Berber modernist party; and the Popular National Movement (Mouvement National Populaire, MNP; 1991), a centrist offshoot of the MP, led by one of its former leaders, Mahjoubi Aherdane. When he died in 1927, he was succeeded by his son Mohammed V, who became the symbolic rallying point for a modern nationalist movement that asserted his legitimacy while trying to limit his powers. PAM includes in its ranks members with different ideological leanings such as liberals, leftists, Islamists and royalists, suggesting a lack of a clear ideological direction. Source: GFP review. The Legislative Because of its history, Morocco has a dual legal system, under which civil legislation, based on the French code system, defines contract, commercial, administrative, and criminal law and provides the bases of codes of civil and criminal procedure, while Islamic law provides the basic structure governing personal, family, and succession issues. Link / Embed. The administrative-police functions include public order, public security, and traffic control on roads outside the cities. The law protects this right’. In Morocco, internal demands for institutional reform backed by popular support have become a major lever in assisting to establish good governance in the country since early 2011. The Supreme Court hears appeals from lower courts and resolves jurisdictional disputes. That authority, baraka, is an inherited quality passed by genealogical descent from the founder of the Alaouite dynasty Moulay al-Cherif and his son Moulay al-Rashid (1666-1672), who seized power when the Saadi dynasty disintegrated in half a century of civil war. The most important subdivision of the MP turned out to be the MCPD, which merged with an Islamist party, Reform and Renewal (Réforme et Renouvellement), led by Abdelilah Benkirane in June 1996 (in 1998 the name was changed to PJD). The Army’s main battle tanks are 220 US-made M6001A, although there are still 40 Soviet-era T-72 tanks on the books. The Open Government Review of Morocco is the first of its kind analysing a country’s open government policies and practices and their institutional and legal frameworks for implementation against OECD instruments. The Authenticity and Modernity Party (PAM) was founded in August 2009 by Fouad Ali el-Himma, a close friend of King Mohammed VI and a palace advisor. The Transition Fund was launched at the WB-IMF last annual meetings in Tokyo by the G8 Deauville … The 2011 Constitution, which was immediately the result of the Arab Spring movement, was the long-term consequence of this liberalizing trend. Morocco has one of the larger armed forces in the region but also one of the lowest budgets. In a context of increasing globalization, marked by the intensification of trade in a more competitive environment, the port sector in Morocco and in the world, has become an important lever for development and competitiveness of a country. The French did, however, maintain the institution of royal family and appointed another brother, Yusef, as sultan. At present, Morocco is divided into 16 regions: Each region is headed by a governor (wali) and includes of a varying number of provinces (covering rural areas) and prefectures (covering large urban areas). The Moroccan army is notable for its large number of personnel and high level of training. Transport planes are largely US-made. Based on the Alexandria Protocol of 1944, the League of Arab States – commonly referred to as the Arab League – was founded in Cairo on 22 March 1945. The current Prime Minister is Abdelilah Benkirane of the moderate Islamist Justice and Development Party (Parti de la Justice et du Développement, PJD). One model seems to have been the system of regional government in Spain; when these structures were outlined in the 2011 Constitution, Article 140 spoke of the principle of subsidiarity, a typically European Union concept that refers to policies being handled by the smallest, lowest, or least centralized level of authority. READ online. The conservative Independence Party trailed in third place with 43 seats. This paper presents a preliminary analysis of the issues of governance in human rights organizations in Morocco. The 2011 US State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices in Morocco reported that corruption and the abuse of detainees were widespread among both National Security officers and gendarmes, undermining law enforcement and the judicial system. Ministers can be questioned orally in both chambers, and a vote of no-confidence in the government can be passed. This was essentially the system adopted in the first Moroccan Constitution of 1962, but the Parliament was reduced to a single chamber for most of the 1970s and 1980s. FEATURE STORY. Further experience has come from participating in peace-keeping operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Serbia, and Ivory Coast. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. A second generation of parties was founded between the late 1960s and early 1980s, the most repressive period of Hassan II’s rule. This can have the result of creating alternative legal solutions in certain areas. The Police. Women have been recruited since the early 1980s. This is formalized in five codes that have been updated and revised at various times: Civil (1913), Penal (1962), Penal Procedure (1959), Commercial (1996), and Mudawana (for family law). Governance Reform in Morocco. The Communist Party was legalized in 1937 and grew through the trade unions. A bicameral system was only reintroduced in the 1996 Constitution. Morocco has made access to drinking water a priority for many years. In 1996, under a new Constitution, the repression began to lift. By bringing together a multitude of OECD instruments and expertise in different areas of public governance, the Review provides Moroccan …

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