A typical early sanctuary seems to have consisted of a temenos, often around a sacred grove, cave or spring, and perhaps defined only by marker stones at intervals, with an altar for offerings. [68] other early pseudodipteroi include the temple of Aphrodite at Messa on Lesbos, belonging to the age of Hermogenes or earlier,[69] the temple of Apollo Sminthaios on Chryse[70] and the temple of Apollo at Alabanda. Its differentiation between wider intercolumnia on the narrow sides and narrower ones on the long sides was also an influential feature, as was the positioning of the columns within the naos, corresponding with those on the outside, a feature not repeated until the construction of the temple at Bassae 150 years later.[44]. Between the 9th century BCE and the 6th century BCE, the ancient Greek temples developed from the small mud brick structures into double-porched monumental "peripteral" buildings with colonnade on all sides, often reaching more than 20 metres in height (not including the roof). The beginnings of Greek temple construction in the Doric order can be traced to early in the 7th century BCE. The west pediment from the Temple of Artemis in Corfu (Greece), in the Archaeological Museum of Corfu, Statue of Apollo from the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Illustrations with the sculptures of the two pediments of the Parthenon, by James Stuart & Nicholas Revett in 1794, The Temple of Athena Nike with its very damaged pediments. Though extremely solidly built, apart from the roof, relatively few Greek temples have left very significant remains; these are often those which were converted to other uses such as churches or mosques. Le temple était le bâtiment principal et le plus important de la Grèce antique. The central composition is now taken over by mythological fights or by rows of human figures. Large format figures decorate the pediments on the narrow sides. The temple in the Heraion of Samos, erected by Rhoikos around 560 BCE, is the first known dipteros, with outside dimensions of 52 × 105 m.[60] A double portico of 8 × 21 columns enclosed the naos, the back even had ten columns. E.g., the temple of Zeus at Labraunda had only 6 × 8 columns,[65] the temple of Aphrodite in Samothrace only 6 × 9. Marble roofs also covered the temple of Zeus at Olympia and the Parthenon at Athens. The tympanon was usually richly decorated with sculptures of mythical scenes or battles. All of this mathematical rigour is relaxed and loosened by the optical refinements mentioned above, which affect the whole building, from layer to layer, and element to element. The foundations of Greek temples could reach dimensions of up to 115 by 55 m, i.e. Apart from this exception and some examples in the more experimental poleis of Greater Greece, the Classical Doric temple type remained the peripteros. No temples with facades of that width are known. But generally Greeks, including slaves, had a reasonable expectation of being allowed into the naos. the west-facing temples of Artemis at Ephesos and at Magnesia on the Maeander, or the north-south oriented temples of Arcadia. Linteau. In conjunction with the number of columns per side, they also determined the dimensions of stylobate and peristasis, as well as of the naos proper. In some cases, different solutions were used on the broad and narrow sides of the same building. The building was entirely of marble. After the expulsion of Hippias in 510 BCE, work on this structure was stopped: Democratic Athens had no desire to continue a monument of tyrannical self-aggrandisation. Recherchez parmi des Temple Grec photos et des images libres de droits sur iStock. For example, the Athenian Parthenon, first reconsecrated as a church was turned into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest and remained structurally unharmed until the 17th century AD. An inscription referring to his sponsorship was indeed found on one of the columns. Sa construction était basée sur une structure avec des piliers dans lesquels les dieux seraient vénérés. In Archaic times, even the architrave could be relief-decorated on Ionic temples, as demonstrated by the earlier temple of Apollo at Didyma. There is no door connecting the opisthodomos with the naos; its existence is necessitated entirely by aesthetic considerations: to maintain the consistency of the peripteral temple and to ensure its visibility from all sides, the execution of the front has to be repeated at the rear. [7] Temple C at Thermos is the first of the hekatompedoi, temples with a length of 100 feet (30 m). The central one of the three aisles thereby created was often emphasised as the main one. Such scenes were contrasted by more quiet or peaceful ones: The Assembly of the gods and a procession dominate the 160 m long frieze that is placed on top of the naos walls of the Parthenon. The Ionic order of Athens and the Cyclades also used a frieze above an architrave, whereas the frieze remained unknown in the Ionic architecture of Asia Minor until the 4th century BCE. Samian column bases were decorated with a sequence of horizontal flutings, but in spite of this playfulness they weighed 1,500 kg a piece. [4][5] In front of the naos, a small porch or pronaos was formed by the protruding naos walls, the antae. A restricted space, the adyton, may be included at the far end of the naos, backing up on the opisthodomos. The distance between the column axes (intercolumniation or bay) could also be used as a basic unit. The basic principles for the development of Greek temple architecture have their roots between the 10th century BCE and the 7th century BCE. Doric frieze of the Temple of Aphaea from Aegina (Greece), with triglyphs and metopes, Ionic frieze from the Erechtheum, in the Glyptothek (Munich, Germany), Part of the Parthenon Frieze, in situ on the west side of the naos, Detail of the frieze with Amazonomachy from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, in the British Museum (London). Au IVe siècle av. On the long side, the sima, often elaborately decorated, was equipped with water spouts, often in the shape of lions' heads. Thus, the interior only received a limited amount of light. If they are surrounded by a colonnade, they are known as peripteral tholoi. Tholos. The entablature of the temple was probably in the Doric order, as is suggested by fragments of mutuli scattered among the ruins. The pronaos was linked to the naos by a door. [24] The increasing romanisation of the east[25] entailed the end of Greek temple architecture, although work continued on the completion of unfinished large structures like the temple of Apollo at Didyma or the Olympieion at Athens into the later 2nd century AD.[26]. For example, the metopes at the front and back of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia depicted the Twelve Labours of Heracles. With its 6 × 13 columns or 5 × 12 intercolumniations, this temple was designed entirely rationally. This 6 × 16 column temple already called for a solution to the Doric corner conflict. In spite of the still widespread idealised image, Greek temples were painted, so that bright reds and blues contrasted with the white of the building stones or of stucco. A dipteros or dipteral is equipped with a double colonnade on all four sides, sometimes with further rows of columns at the front and back. Only details, like the horizontally cut grooves at the bottom of Doric capitals (annuli), or decorative elements of Doric architraves (e.g. Neither the Ionic temples, nor the Doric specimens in Magna Graecia followed this principle. Temple of Hera I at Paestum. The Artemision was planned as a dipteros, its architect Theodoros had been one of the builders of the Samian Heraion. By adding columns to this small basic structure, the Greeks triggered the development and variety of their temple architecture. 'dwelling', semantically distinct from Latin templum, "temple") were structures built to house deity statues within Greek sanctuaries in ancient Greek religion. The peristasis was of equal depth on all sides, eliminating the usual emphasis on the front, an opisthodomos, integrated into the back of the naos, is the first proper example in Ionic architecture. the size of an average football pitch. [64] The interior was structured with powerful pilasters, their rhythm reflecting that of the external peristasis. Again, the corners contain separate scenes, including Heracles fighting Triton. This building, initially constructed entirely of wood and mudbrick, had its wooden columns gradually replaced with stone ones over time. Elle serait originaire d’Ionie, la Grèce d’Asie mineure à l’époque archaïque. They could depict bowls and tripods, griffins, sphinxes, and especially mythical figures and deities. Cette salle est réservée à la dépose d'offrandes et d'argent du peuple grec. Roughly beginning with the erection of the older Artemision of Ephesos around 550 BCE[62] the quantity of archaeological remains of Ionic temples increases. Bronze cult images were less frequent, at least until Hellenistic times.[33]. The temple's width to height up to the geison is determined by the reverse proportion 9:4, the same proportion squared, 81:16, determines temple length to height. Sometimes, the divine character of the cult image was stressed even more by removing it further into a separate space within the naos, the adyton. Linteau. [54] Later, the Western Greeks showed a pronounced tendency to develop unusual architectural solutions, more or less unthinkable in the mother poleis of their colonies. Private individuals, especially Hellenistic rulers, could also sponsor such buildings. Instead of longer antae, there are prostyle colonnades inside the peristasis on the front and back, reflecting Ionic habits. A similarly direct association is provided by the birth of Athena on the east pediment of the Parthenon, or the struggle for Attica between her and Poseidon on its west pediment. [35] Famous cult images such as the Statue of Zeus at Olympia functioned as significant visitor attractions. A small temple at Kournó has a peristasis of merely 6 × 7 columns, a stylobate of only 8 × 10 m and corners executed as pilasters towards the front. Homer A. Thompson & Richard E. Wycherley : "The Hellenistic Settlements in the East from Armenia and Mesopotamia to Bactria and India" Getzel M. Cohen, University of California Press, 2013, p.327, "The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans", John M. Rosenfield, University of California Press, 1 janv. at the temple of Poseidon in Paestum. Il existe trois différents ordres architecturaux grecs que je vais présenter. For example, surviving receipts show that in the rebuilding of the Artemision of Ephesos, a single column cost 40,000 drachmas. [52] Frontality is a key feature of Ionic temples. The evident rational-mathematical aspect to the design suits Ionic Greek culture, with its strong tradition of natural philosophy. Le fût de la colonne comporte généralement 16 cannelures, la colonne est plus fine et plus élancée. Façade Temple grec. It supports a further foundation of three steps, the crepidoma. The small temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae survived in a rural location with most of its columns and main architrave blocks in place, amid a jumble of fallen stone. [83] Its architectural members are entirely in keeping with the Asian/Ionic canon. L'architecture des temples varie selon la période et le lieu géographique. Some temples could only be viewed from the threshold. Les fidèles ne sont autorisés à pénétrer uniquement dans cette salle. There is very little evidence of Ionic temples in Magna Graecia. This early demand continued to affect Doric temples especially in the Greek motherland. Codification qui, dans la période Archaïque, sera développé pour 'architecture Templiers deviendrais 'hellénisme le langage universel du monde Méditerranée. If the porch of a temple in antis has a row of usually four or six columns in front of its whole breadth, the temple is described as a prostylos or prostyle temples. Il est surtout utilisé pour des monuments votifs, il apparaît à partir du IVe siècle av. The individual members of its Doric orders all differ considerably from the later canon, although all essential Doric features are present. on the Temple of Hera at Olympia. TEMPLE DIPTERE : temple entouré de deux colonnades. The nearly mathematical strictness of the basic designs thus reached was lightened by optical refinements. [77], The first dateable and well-preserved presence of the Corinthian temple is the Hellenistic rebuilding of the Olympieion of Athens, planned and started between 175–146 BCE. This applies, for example, to the Graeco-Parthian and Bactrian temples, or to the Ptolemaic examples, which follow Egyptian tradition. The east and north halls of the Erechtheion, completed in 406 BCE, follow the same succession of elements. The naos measures exactly 3 × 9 column distances (axis to axis), its external wall faces are aligned with the axes of the adjacent columns. It is the foundation myth of the sanctuary itself, displayed here in its most prominent position. Between the 6th and the late 4th century BCE, innumerable temples were built; nearly every polis, every Greek colony contained one or several. Le temple grec (le temple se dit en grec ancien ὁ ναός, ho naós « l'intérieur », sémantiquement différent du latin templum, « temple ») est un type d'édifice religieux développé en Grèce antique dans le cadre de la religion grecque. C'est le cas du Parthénon. antéfixe . [80][81][82], A further plan option is shown by the temple of Hekate at Lagina, a small pseudoperipteros of 8 × 11 columns. An additional definition, already used by Vitruvius (IV, 3, 3) is determined by the number of columns at the front. L'architecture Grecque Antique Le Monde Grec Temple Grec Lunette Rose Architecture Historique Piscines Design Renaissance Italienne École Des Beaux Arts Urbanisme Louis-Philippe-François Boitte, Temple de la Victoire aptère à Athènes Louis-Philippe-François Boitte, Temple de la Victoire aptère à Athènes, musée d'Orsay. Je vous présente les différents types de plan que l'on peut trouver sur les temples grecs. Like its precedents, the temple used differentiated column widths in the front, and had a higher number of columns at the back. Le tympan, entouré de corniches, représente une scène mythologique en bas relief au 6e siècle av. at Mylasa[84] and, on the middle gymnasium terrace at Pergamon.[85]. In contrast, the term peripteros or peripteral designates a temple surrounded by ptera (colonnades) on all four sides, each usually formed by a single row of columns. In the Doric order, the entablature always consists of two parts, the architrave and the Doric frieze (or triglyph frieze). This produces a surrounding colonnade, the pteron, which offered shelter to visitors of the sanctuary and room for cult processions. Exemple : Temple d'Auguste à Pula (Croatie). To stress the importance of the cult statue and the building holding it, the naos was equipped with a canopy, supported by columns. This produces an unobstructed surrounding portico, the peristasis, on all four sides of the temple. Columns became narrower, intercolumniations wider. In the Ionic or Corinthian orders, the frieze possesses no triglyphs and is simply left flat, sometimes decorated with paintings or reliefs. Le plan du temple grec, l’ordre du temple grec. It consists of the geison (on the sloped sides or pediments of the narrow walls a sloped geison), and the sima. Les caractéristiques varient selon les édifices. The uppermost level of the crepidoma provides the surface on which the columns and walls are placed; it is called stylobate. L'Opisthodome est la salle située à l'arrière du naos. From the 3rd century BCE onward, the construction of large temples became less common; after a short 2nd century BCE flourish, it ceased nearly entirely in the 1st century BCE. Both temples continued the tendency towards more richly equipped interiors, in both cases with engaged or full columns of the Corinthian order. Sa forme était simple, il était un prototype de maison carrée résidentiel. J.C.. La tribu mycénienne va dominer sur la mer Égée entre 1630-1200 avant J.C…. About architectural sculpture: M. Oppermann: Retallack, G.J., 2008, "Rocks, views, soils and plants at the temples of ancient Greece". [16], The introduction of the principate lead to few new buildings, mostly temples for the imperial cult[17] or to Roman deities, e.g. Le littoral de Rhamnonte en Attique 2. [78], Around the middle of the 2nd century BCE, a 6 × 12 columns Corinthian peripteros was built in Olba-Diokaisarea in Rugged Cilicia. A xoanon was a primitive and symbolic wooden image, perhaps comparable to the Hindu lingam; many of these were retained and revered for their antiquity. The main measurement was the foot, varying between 29 and 34 cm from region to region. It could also hold the temple treasury. the Temple of Apollo on Delos (c. 470 BCE), the Temple of Hephaistos at Athens and the temple of Poseidon on Cape Sounion. The building was the first Ionic temple to follow the Attic tradition of uniform column distances, the frontal differentiation was not practised any more. [76], The youngest of the three Classical Greek orders, the Corinthian order came to be used for the external design of Greek temples quite late. All of these details suggest an Alexandrian workshop, since Alexandria showed the greatest tendency to combine Doric entablatures with Corinthian capitals and to do without the plinth under Attic bases. In other regards, the Parthenon is distinguished as an exceptional example among the mass of Greek peripteroi by many distinctive aesthetic solutions in detail. In spite of the immense extra effort entailed in this perfection, the Parthenon, including its sculptural decoration, was completed in the record time of sixteen years (447 to 431 BCE).[29]. The pedimental sculpture of the first peripteral temple on the Athenian Acropolis, from c. 570 BCE, is nearly free-standing sculpture, but remains dominated by a central scene of fighting lions. It was the first monumental peripteros of Ionia, erected between 350–330 BCE by Pytheos. On the other hand, the Ionic temples of Asia Minor did not possess a separate frieze to allow space for relief decoration. L… Le fronton comprend un cadre triangulaire (composé de la corniche et de deux rampants obliques) et, dans sa partie centrale, un tympan, souvent somptueusement orné de scènes sculptées, comme celles du Parthénon (conservées … Greek temples were designed and constructed according to set proportions, mostly determined by the lower diameter of the columns or by the dimensions of the foundation levels. Les Grecs connaissaient le principe de l'arche de maçonnerie mais l'utilisaient peu, car ils ne posaient peu de dômes sur leurs bâtiments ; ces raffinements furent laissés aux Romains. Dans lAntiquité, un théâtre de qualité est en fait lune des structures les plus caractéristiques de toute cité grecque de la moindre importance. The cult statue was often oriented towards an altar, placed axially in front of the temple. La sculpture architecturale est composée de marbre de Parian et de Pentell. This is a major difference from Roman temples which were often designed as part of a planned urban area or square and had a strong emphasis on being viewed frontally. The functions of the temple mainly concentrated on the naos, the "dwelling" of the cult statue. A comparable structure is the monopteros, or cyclostyle which, however, lacks a naos. L’ordre est caractérisé par un chapiteau à échine plate et sans décoration, surmonté d’un abaque carré. Reliefs, ornaments, and pedimental sculptures were executed with a wider variety of colours and nuances. Circular temples form a special type. Akroterion, 350-325 BC, marble, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City), Illustration which shows antefixes in position, Antefix with Medusa, 6th or 5th centuries BC, ceramic, Pushkin Museum (Moscow), For the sake of completeness, a further potential bearer of sculptural decoration should be mentioned here: the columnae celetae of the Ionic temples at Ephesos and Didyma.
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