Pandyan Kingdom coin depicting a temple between hill symbols and elephant, Pandyas, Sri Lanka, 1st century CE. The Parthenon naos, also had another impressive feature, namely two tiers of columns atop each other, as did the temple of Aphaia on Aegina. the Temple of Aphrodite at Aphrodisias. Codification qui, dans la période Archaïque, sera développé pour 'architecture Templiers deviendrais 'hellénisme le langage universel du monde Méditerranée. Once inside the naos it was possible to pray to or before the cult image, and sometimes to touch it; Cicero saw a bronze image of Heracles with its foot largely worn away by the touch of devotees. The echinus of Ionic columns is decorated with an egg-and-dart band followed by a sculpted pillow forming two volutes, supporting a thin abacus. Buildings housing cult statues in Greek sanctuaries, Introduction of stone architecture: Archaic and Classical, Decline of Greek temple building: Hellenistic period, End of Greek temple construction: Roman Greece, Abandonment and conversion of temples: Late Antiquity, Temples of the different architectural orders, Temple of Artemis, Kerkyra (early 6th century BCE), Late Classical and Hellenistic: changing proportions, Hellenistic Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens, Distinctive uses of Corinthian temples, influence, Regarding Roman period and financing, using the province of Asia as an example, see, The same basic proportion occurs, less purely, in the. For the early period, before the 6th century BCE, the term Ionic temple can, at best, designate a temple in the Ionian areas of settlement. Complex compositions visualised the back and forth of fighting for the viewer. It consists of the geison (on the sloped sides or pediments of the narrow walls a sloped geison), and the sima. le templegrec histoiresommairedesesorigines etdesondÉveloppementjusqu’auv*siÈcle avantjÉsus-christ par henrilechat ancienmembredel’Écoled’athÈnes chargÉdecoursal’universitÉdelyon paris ernestleroux,editeur 28,ruebonaparte,28 i902 A small temple of Athena Limnastis at Messene, definitely Corinthian, is only attested through drawings by early travellers and very scarce fragments. The 2nd century BCE saw a revival of temple architecture, including peripteral temples. In Doric temples, however, the wooden roof construction, originally placed behind the frieze, now started at a higher level, behind the geison. The somewhat controversial practice of anastylosis, or re-erecting fallen materials, has sometimes been used. An additional definition, already used by Vitruvius (IV, 3, 3) is determined by the number of columns at the front. Un temple grec est la figure la plus représentative de la culture de la Grèce antique. Prononciation. A comparable structure is the monopteros, or cyclostyle which, however, lacks a naos. Réalisé deux ans avant le Parthénon, le temple surplombe la ville d’Agora. One of the few exceptions is the early Classical Temple D, an 8 × 20 columns peripteros, at Metapontum. Only three basic colours were used: white, blue and red, occasionally also black. The middle architrave block was 8.74 m long and weighed 24 metric tons; it had to be lifted to its final position, 20 m above ground, with a system of pulleys. One of the criteria by which Greek temples are classified is the Classical order chosen as their basic aesthetic principle. La sculpture grecque archaïque. The central cult structure of the temple is the naos or cella, which usually contained a cult statue of the deity. [35] Famous cult images such as the Statue of Zeus at Olympia functioned as significant visitor attractions. Néanmoins, le grec a continué à être favorable en Ecosse jusque dans les années 1870 au singulier personnage d’Alexander Thomson, connu sous le nom de “Thomson grec”. In contrast, from an early point, Ionic temples stress the front by using double porticos. Pausanias was a gentlemanly traveller of the 2nd-century AD who declares that the special intention of his travels around Greece was to see cult images, which he usually managed to do.[34]. The Artemision was planned as a dipteros, its architect Theodoros had been one of the builders of the Samian Heraion. For example, the Athenian Parthenon, first reconsecrated as a church was turned into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest and remained structurally unharmed until the 17th century AD. The pedimental sculpture of the first peripteral temple on the Athenian Acropolis, from c. 570 BCE, is nearly free-standing sculpture, but remains dominated by a central scene of fighting lions. [80][81][82], A further plan option is shown by the temple of Hekate at Lagina, a small pseudoperipteros of 8 × 11 columns. la temple Il peut être considéré comme la réalisation la plus difficile de 'l'architecture grecque. An early case of this is temple L at Epidauros, followed by many prominent Roman examples, such as the Maison Carrée at Nîmes. The whole pronaos may be omitted in this case or just leave the antae without columns. The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture. L'architecture des temples varie selon la période et le lieu géographique. In, This page was last edited on 12 December 2020, at 20:00. This ended the structural link between frieze and roof; the structural elements of the latter could now be placed independent of axial relationships. The Doric frieze was structured by triglyphs. Smaller scenes are displayed in the low corners of the pediments, e.g. This applies, for example, to the Graeco-Parthian and Bactrian temples, or to the Ptolemaic examples, which follow Egyptian tradition. The early temples also show no concern for the typical Doric feature of visibility from all sides, they regularly lack an opisthodomos; the peripteros only became widespread in the area in the 4th century BCE. Fragments of two chryselephantine statues from Delphi have been excavated. In front of the naos, there is a porch, the pronaos, created by the protruding side walls of the naos (the antae), and two columns placed between them. [42] The increasing monumentalisation of stone buildings, and the transfer of the wooden roof construction to the level of the geison removed the fixed relationship between the naos and the peristasis. La Grèce étant majoritairement rocheuse avec des montagnes escarpés avec peu de grande forêt le principal matériau étant la pierre et le calcaire qui se trouve facilement. TEMPLE THOLOS : temple circulaire, uniquement composé d'un naos. Walter Voigtländer in: Adolf Hoffmann; Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner; incorporation of the Greek world within the Roman state, "Minoan and Mycenaean civilization comparison", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_temple&oldid=993843906, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Pyknostyle, tight-columned: intercolumnium = 1 ½ lower column diameters, Systyle, close-columned: intercolumnium = 2 lower column diameters, Eustyle, well-columned: intercolumnium = 2 ¼ lower column diameters, Diastyle, board-columned: interkolumnium = 3 lower column diameters, Araeostyle, light-columned: intercolumnium = 3 ½ lower column diameters, Yeroulanou, Marina. The nearly mathematical strictness of the basic designs thus reached was lightened by optical refinements. Some famous temples, notably the Parthenon, the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, and the Temple of Asclepius, Epidaurus, had much of the naos floor occupied by a very shallow pool filled with water (Parthenon) or olive oil at Olympia. The building was entirely of marble. The rules regarding vertical proportions, especially in the Doric order, also allow for a deduction of the basic design options for the entablature from the same principles. especially the frieze areas offered space for reliefs and relief slabs; the pedimental triangles often contained scenes of free-standing sculpture. Reliefs, ornaments, and pedimental sculptures were executed with a wider variety of colours and nuances. To support the superstructure, two columns were placed between the antae (distyle in antis). L'Acropole d'Athènes [47] A slight variation, with 6 × 12 columns or 5 × 11 intercolumniations occurs as frequently. In spite of the immense extra effort entailed in this perfection, the Parthenon, including its sculptural decoration, was completed in the record time of sixteen years (447 to 431 BCE).[29]. Some exceptions existed, e.g. The naos measures exactly 3 × 9 column distances (axis to axis), its external wall faces are aligned with the axes of the adjacent columns. This produces a surrounding colonnade, the pteron, which offered shelter to visitors of the sanctuary and room for cult processions. Circular temples form a special type. Volute capitals have not been found associated with these, but their marble entablatures belonged to the Ionic order.[61]. The small temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae survived in a rural location with most of its columns and main architrave blocks in place, amid a jumble of fallen stone. It could also hold the temple treasury. The individual members of its Doric orders all differ considerably from the later canon, although all essential Doric features are present. Longtemps après la fin du polythéisme grec, l'architecture des temples grecs antiques a été l'une des sources d'inspiration de l'arc… After the reintroduction of stone architecture, the essential elements and forms of each temple, such as the number of columns and of column rows, underwent constant change throughout Greek antiquity. For example, the oldest known Corinthian capitals are from the naoi of Doric temples. The Maison Carrée at Nîmes (France), from 16 BCE, a typical Roman temple, is a Corinthian hexaystyle pseudoperipteros. Thereafter, only smaller structures were started, while older temples continued to be renovated or brought to completion if in an unfinished state. Le Pronaos est la partie située à l'avant du temple et qui précède le naos. [71] The arrangement of the pseudodipteros, omitting the interior row of columns while maintaining a peristasis with the width of two column distances, produces a massively broadened portico, comparable to the contemporaneous hall architecture. According to this proportion, Vitruvius (3, 3, 1 ff) distinguished between five different design concepts and temple types: The determination and discussion of these basic principles went back to Hermogenes, whom Vitruvius credits with the invention of the eustylos. Older Ionic temples normally lacked a specific visible substructure. The temple of Apollo at Didyma near Miletus, begun around 540 BCE, was another dipteros with open internal courtyard. A restricted space, the adyton, may be included at the far end of the naos, backing up on the opisthodomos. [32], The cult image normally took the form of a statue of the deity, typically roughly life-size, but in some cases many times life-size, in early days in wood, marble or terracotta, or in the specially prestigious form of a chryselephantine statue using ivory plaques for the visible parts of the body and gold for the clothes, around a wooden framework. La colonne repose sur une base ionique (composée d’une plinthe, deux scoties et un tore) ou une base attique (une plinthe, un tore inférieur et une scotie, un tore supérieur). On remarque que le chapiteau est plus travaillé, il est caractérisé par des volutes. [78], Around the middle of the 2nd century BCE, a 6 × 12 columns Corinthian peripteros was built in Olba-Diokaisarea in Rugged Cilicia. Since the overall number of columns required for the design was 120, even this aspect of the building would have caused costs equivalent to those of major projects today (circa 360 million euro).[38]. There were also temples at extra-urban sites and at major sanctuaries like Olympia and Delphi. Above it lay the dentil, the Ionic geison and the sima. the Temple of Apollo on Delos (c. 470 BCE), the Temple of Hephaistos at Athens and the temple of Poseidon on Cape Sounion. Ils ont cherché l’harmonie des lignes, … Voir plus d'idées sur le thème temple grec, grece, cyclades. Like a museum of Doric columns and Doric capitals, it contains examples of all chronological phases, up to the Roman period. The eponymous Corinthian capital of the Corinthian order is crowned by rings of stylised acanthus leaves, forming tendrils and volutes that reach to the corners of the abacus. The foundations of Greek temples could reach dimensions of up to 115 by 55 m, i.e. Les Grecs couvraient leurs bâtiments avec des poutres en bois couvertes de tuiles de terre cuite (ou parfois … The more elaborate temples were equipped with very rich figural decoration in the form of reliefs and sculptures on the pediment. The columns stood on ephesian bases, 36 of them were decorated with life-sized friezes of human figures at the bottom of the shaft, the so-called columnae caelatae. This emphasised basis had to be balanced out be a heightened entablature, producing not only a visual contrast to, but also a major weight upon the slender columns. "Architecture in City and Sanctuary". Thus ends the history of the Greek temples' original purpose, although many of them remained in use for a long time afterwards. In the Ionic or Corinthian orders, the frieze possesses no triglyphs and is simply left flat, sometimes decorated with paintings or reliefs. Again, the corners contain separate scenes, including Heracles fighting Triton. Une oeuvre d’architecture dorique et classique, le temple d’Héphaïstos est un temple grec bien conservé. They are the most important and most widespread building type in Greek architecture. A small temple at Kournó has a peristasis of merely 6 × 7 columns, a stylobate of only 8 × 10 m and corners executed as pilasters towards the front. temple G in Selinus. To preserve this connection, the single row of columns often found along the central axis of the naos in early temples was replaced by two separate rows towards the sides. A door allows the naos to be accessed from the pronaos. Its Asian elements and its conception as a dipteros made the temple an exception in Athens. On trouve beaucoup de marbre blanc de grande qualité notamment sur les îles de Paros et Naxos. Roughly beginning with the erection of the older Artemision of Ephesos around 550 BCE[62] the quantity of archaeological remains of Ionic temples increases. Already around 600 BCE, the demand of viewability from all sides was applied to the Doric temple, leading to the mirroring of the frontal pronaos by an opisthodomos at the back. The Acropolis of Athens is the most famous example, though this was apparently walled as a citadel before a temple was ever built there. A dipteros or dipteral is equipped with a double colonnade on all four sides, sometimes with further rows of columns at the front and back. [10] During this phase, Greek temples became widespread in southern Asia Minor, Egypt and Northern Africa. [15] Nevertheless, some temples were erected at this time, e.g. Further late Greek temples in the Corinthian order are known e.g. If possible, columns inside the naos were avoided, allowing for open roof constructions of up to 13 m width. At the same time, the Ionic temples were characterised by their tendency to use varied and richly decorated surfaces, as well as the widespread use of light-shade contrasts. TEMPLE PROSTYLE : temple avec des colonnes uniquement sur la face avant. J.C. Cet ordre est utilisé pour les temples importants avec des colonnades extérieurs. Samian column bases were decorated with a sequence of horizontal flutings, but in spite of this playfulness they weighed 1,500 kg a piece. Façade Temple grec ... Enregistrée depuis google.be. The mud brick walls were often reinforced by wooden posts, in a type of half-timbered technique. The west pediment from the Temple of Artemis in Corfu (Greece), in the Archaeological Museum of Corfu, Statue of Apollo from the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Illustrations with the sculptures of the two pediments of the Parthenon, by James Stuart & Nicholas Revett in 1794, The Temple of Athena Nike with its very damaged pediments. Large format figures decorate the pediments on the narrow sides. In other regards, the Parthenon is distinguished as an exceptional example among the mass of Greek peripteroi by many distinctive aesthetic solutions in detail. Il est aussi utilisé en Grèce. Sa forme était simple, il était un prototype de maison carrée résidentiel. About architectural sculpture: M. Oppermann: Retallack, G.J., 2008, "Rocks, views, soils and plants at the temples of ancient Greece". Afterwards, another committee would supervise the building process. Its distinctive feature, a rich figural frieze, makes this building, erected around 100 BCE, an architectural gem. Both temples continued the tendency towards more richly equipped interiors, in both cases with engaged or full columns of the Corinthian order. Recessed or otherwise shaded elements, like mutules or triglyph slits could be painted black. According to ancient sources, Kroisos was one of the sponsors. The main temple building sat within a larger precinct or temenos, usually surrounded by a peribolos fence or wall; the whole is usually called a "sanctuary". and achieved the final flourish of Ionic architecture around 200 BCE. [4][5] The acrolith was another composite form, this time a cost-saving one with a wooden body. Though extremely solidly built, apart from the roof, relatively few Greek temples have left very significant remains; these are often those which were converted to other uses such as churches or mosques. The basic proportions of the building were determined by the numeric relationship of columns on the front and back to those on the sides. By adding columns to this small basic structure, the Greeks triggered the development and variety of their temple architecture. Il est surtout utilisé pour des monuments votifs, il apparaît à partir du IVe siècle av. Its differentiation between wider intercolumnia on the narrow sides and narrower ones on the long sides was also an influential feature, as was the positioning of the columns within the naos, corresponding with those on the outside, a feature not repeated until the construction of the temple at Bassae 150 years later.[44]. This idea was later copied in Didyma, Ephesos and Athens. Although Athens and Attica were also ethnically Ionian, the Ionic order was of minor importance in this area. The financial needs were covered by income from taxes or special levies, or by the sale of raw materials like silver. From the early Hellenistic period onwards, the Greek peripteral temple lost much of its importance. But generally Greeks, including slaves, had a reasonable expectation of being allowed into the naos. In some cases, different solutions were used on the broad and narrow sides of the same building. The naos consisted of a pronaos of four column depths, a four columns naos, and a 2 column opisthodomos. [77], The first dateable and well-preserved presence of the Corinthian temple is the Hellenistic rebuilding of the Olympieion of Athens, planned and started between 175–146 BCE. Marble sculpture has often been removed to make lime for mortar, and any that has survived has usually been removed to a museum, not always a local one. In some cases, votive offerings could also be directly affixed to the columns, as is visible e.g. All of these details suggest an Alexandrian workshop, since Alexandria showed the greatest tendency to combine Doric entablatures with Corinthian capitals and to do without the plinth under Attic bases. L’architecture grecque classique est très formalisée dans sa structure et sa décoration, et est surtout connue pour ses temples, dont beaucoup se trouvent dans toute la région comme des ruines pratiquement intactes. [66] The temple of Athena Polias at Priene,[67] already considered in antiquity as the classical example of an Ionic temple, has partially survived. [53] The peristasis of monumental Doric temples is merely hinted at here; the function as a simple canopy for the shrine of the cult statue is clear. [55] Both temples had fronts of nine columns. The underground foundation of a Greek temple is known as the stereobate. This early demand continued to affect Doric temples especially in the Greek motherland. Originally, payment was by person and day, but from the 5th century BCE onward, payment by piece or construction stage became common. The temple of Athena at Tegea shows another variation, where the two column rows are indicated by half-columns protruding from the side walls and crowned with Corinthian capitals. In Archaic times, even the architrave could be relief-decorated on Ionic temples, as demonstrated by the earlier temple of Apollo at Didyma. Considering that a worker was paid about two drachmas, that equals nearly 2 million euro (on a modern west European wage scale). In proportion to the bottom diameter, the columns reached three times the height of a Doric counterpart. [75] It has been called "the most Hellenic structure yet found on Indian soil". The functions of the temple mainly concentrated on the naos, the "dwelling" of the cult statue. This limitation to smaller structures led to the development of a special form, the pseudoperipteros, which uses engaged columns along the naos walls to produce the illusion of a peripteral temple. Whereas the distinction was originally between the Doric and Ionic orders, a third alternative arose in late 3rd century BCE with the Corinthian order. Especially the ruins of Southern Italy and Sicily were accessible to western travellers quite early in the development of Classical studies, e.g. A typical early sanctuary seems to have consisted of a temenos, often around a sacred grove, cave or spring, and perhaps defined only by marker stones at intervals, with an altar for offerings. The temple interiors did not serve as meeting places, since the sacrifices and rituals dedicated to the respective deity took place outside them, within the wider precinct of the sanctuary, which might be large. Elle serait originaire d’Ionie, la Grèce d’Asie mineure à l’époque archaïque. A very few actual originals survive, for example the bronze Piraeus Athena (2.35 metres high, including a helmet). Especially in Magna Graecia, this tradition continued for a long time. Study of the soils around temple sites, is evidence that temple sites were chosen with regard to particular deities: for example, amid arable soils for the agricultural deities Dionysos and Demeter, and near rocky soils for the hunter gatherer deities Apollo and Artemis. This shows a growing adjustment to the proportion and weight of Ionic temples, mirrored by a progressive tendency among Ionic temples to become somewhat heavier. Les Grecs, très forts et mathématiques et en architecture, n’ont pas hésité à faire les choses en grand pour rendre hommage à leur divinité. Les architectures romaine et grecque sont liées depuis longtemps, en raison des similitudes entre les temples et les autres structures créées par les deux civilisations par les deux peuples.